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Nice Wild Animal photos

Check out these wild animal images:


One Colorful Bird
wild animal
Image by Bill Gracey
Taken at Lorikeet Landing at the Wild Animal Park in San Diego. This area is quite popular. and people line up to buy cups of food to feed these wonderfully colorful birds.


If you enjoy animal pictures, you might want to check my San Diego Zoo set. www.flickr.com/photos/9422878@N08/sets/72157621078764843/...


Other pictures taken at Safari Park are here. www.flickr.com/photos/9422878@N08/sets/72157628351207247/...

EXTINCT AMPHIBIAN

A few nice extinct animals images I found:


EXTINCT AMPHIBIAN
extinct animals
Image by Fool-On-The-Hill
Diplovertebrons were some of the first amphibian animals to inhabit the land. see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplovertebron

Nice Animals photos

Some cool animals images:



Animal locomotion. Plate 209
animals
Image by Boston Public Library
BPLDC no.: 08_11_000484

Title: Animal locomotion. Plate 209

Volume: Vol. VII. : Males and Females (draped) and Miscellaneous Subjects.

Creator: Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904

Copyright Date: 1887

Extent: 1 photomechanical print : collotype

Genre: Collotypes; Motion study photographs; Book illustrations

Description: Stooping and lifting a handkerchief

Subject: Women; Walking; Human locomotion

Notes: Plate in: Animal locomotion : an electro-photographic investigation of consecutive phases of animal movements, 1872-1885 / By Eadweard Muybridge. Philadelphia : University of Pennylvania, 1887, v. 7; Plate descriptions from: Animal locomotion : an electro-photographic investigation of consecutive phases of animal movements : prospectus and catalogue of plates / by Eadweard Muybridge. Philadelphia : Printed by J.B. Lippincott Company, 1887.

BPL Department: Rare Books Department

Phyllanthus urinaria, Chamber bitter plant ...Cây Chó đẻ trái đỏ, Chó đẻ thân đỏ, Diệp hạ châu ...

A few nice animal plant images I found:


Phyllanthus urinaria, Chamber bitter plant ...Cây Chó đẻ trái đỏ, Chó đẻ thân đỏ, Diệp hạ châu ...
animal plant
Image by Vietnam Plants & The USA. plants
Vietnamese named :Chó đẻ trái đỏ, Chó đẻ thân đỏ; Cam kiểm; Diệp hạ châu
English names : Chamber bitter, Chanca piedra, Shatterstone,Stone breaker
SCientist name : Phyllanthus urinaria L.
Synonyms : Diasperus urinaria (Linnaeus) Kuntze; Phyllanthus alatus Blume; P. cantoniensis Hornemann; P. cantoniensis Schweigger (1812), not Hornemann (1807); P. chamaepeuce Ridley; P. lepidocarpus Siebold & Zuccarini; P. leprocarpus Wight; P. nozeranii Rossignol & Haicour.

Family : Euphorbiaceae. Họ Thầu dầu

Searched from :

**** TRUNG TÂM DỮ LIỆU THỰC VẬT VIETNAM
www.botanyvn.com/cnt.asp?param=edir&v=Phyllanthus%20u...
Tên Khoa học: Phyllanthus urinaria L.
Tên tiếng Anh:
Tên tiếng Việt: Chó đẻ răng cưa; Cam kiểm; rút đất; diệp hạ châu

**** VHO.VN.
www.vho.vn/search.php?ID=4644&keyword=

Diệp hạ châu là tên gọi của loài thực vật thuộc họ thầu dầu (Euphorbiaceae), có tên khoa học là Phyllanthus. ở nước ta, cây Phyllanthus amarus còn được gọi là diệp hạ châu đắng, còn cây diệp hạ châu ngọt lại có tên là Phyllathus urinaria.

Diệp hạ châu là tên gọi của loài thực vật thuộc họ thầu dầu (Euphorbiaceae), có tên khoa học là Phyllanthus. ở nước ta, cây Phyllanthus amarus còn được gọi là diệp hạ châu đắng, còn cây diệp hạ châu ngọt lại có tên là Phyllathus urinaria. Cây thuốc này còn được gọi với nhiều tên dân dã như là cây chó đẻ răng cưa, cây cam kiềm, cây kiềm vườn... hay diệp hòe thái, lão nha châu, trân châu thảo...
Cây Phyllanthus niruri, được tìm thấy ở ấn Ðộ. Theo mô tả của các nhà khoa học, cây thuốc này có thể cao từ 30-60cm và có hoa màu vàng. Ngoài ra còn được tìm thấy ở các nước khác: Trung Quốc (Phyllanthus urinaria), Cuba, Nigeria, Guam, Philippin... Toàn cây được sử dụng làm thuốc, có tác dụng giảm đau, chữa viêm gan... Các nhà khoa học đã chứng minh đây là một cây thuốc mang lại ích lợi cho sức khỏe con người.
Theo nghiên cứu y học hiện đại, cây thuốc có chứa một số hoạt chất như phyllanthine và hypophyllanthine, alkaloids và flavonoids... và một số emzyme có tác dụng chữa bệnh viêm gan. Trong một nghiên cứu, 50% những yếu tố lây truyền trong máu của virut viêm gan B (sinh kháng thể bề mặt của viêm gan B) đã mất đi sau khi sử dụng 900mg phyllanthus mỗi ngày sau 30 ngày điều trị. Trong những cuộc thử nghiệm lâm sàng về hiệu lực của phyllanthus đối với HBV đã được trộn lẫn Phyllanthus niniuri cho thấy kết quả tốt hơn với những bệnh nhân viêm gan B được sử dụng 900-2.700mg phyllanthus mỗi ngày. Nghiên cứu này đã sử dụng phyllanthus dưới dạng bột thô từ 900-2.700mg mỗi ngày trong 3 tháng liền.
Những cây phyllanthus trong nghiên cứu điều trị viêm gan B mãn tính được giám sát từ 3 vùng địa lý khác trên trái đất. Có bất kỳ những tương tác nào khác không? Người ta thấy rằng không có bất kỳ sự tương tác với các thuốc khác với phyllanthus trong thời gian nghiên cứu nói trên.
Phyllanthus ninuri còn có tên gọi là Chanca Piedra. Từ 2000 năm nay, y học cổ truyền của các dân tộc trên thế giới đã sử dụng cây thuốc này chữa bệnh vàng da, bệnh lậu, tiểu đường... Cây thuốc này còn có thể sử dụng chữa bệnh ngoài da như lở loét, sưng nề, ngứa ngáy... bằng cách đắp thuốc tại chỗ, cành lá non còn được nghiên cứu chữa bệnh kiết lỵ kinh niên. Chanca Piedra đã nổi tiếng nhờ tác dụng đặc trưng của nó. Trong y học cổ truyền dân tộc Peru, thông qua những tác dụng phụ trong điều trị sỏi mật và sỏi thận, người ta tin rằng nó có tác dụng kích thích bài tiết nước mật, tăng cường chức năng gan. Người Peru xé vụn cây thuốc, sau đó đun sôi như cách sắc thuốc cổ truyền của Việt Nam, và cho thêm chút nước chanh vào nước sắc để uống. Bài thuốc này được coi là một bài thuốc bổ gan, chia uống 4 lần trong ngày.
Tại những vùng khác ở Nam Mỹ, Chanca Piedra được áp dụng để điều trị với chỉ định rộng rãi như điều trị viêm gan virut B, viêm túi mật, thận, bàng quang, thống phong. ở một vài vùng còn được áp dụng điều trị sốt rét, thương hàn, cúm, cảm lạnh, táo bón, kiết lỵ, đau bụng... Ngoài ra còn được dùng để điều trị mụn nhọt, tiểu đường, lở loét, ung độc.
Theo y học cổ truyền của các dân tộc, Chanca Piedra cũng còn được sử dụng điều trị bệnh tiểu đường, u xơ tuyến tiền liệt, hen phế quản, sốt, khối u, viêm bàng quang, bệnh thống phong (goutte), đau đớn kéo dài, bệnh vàng da, táo bón, viêm phế quản, ho, viêm âm đạo, chứng khó tiêu, viêm đại tràng và được coi như là một thuốc lợi tiểu. Chanca Piedra cũng được xem xét với các tác dụng như chống co thắt cơ vân, cơ trơn, đặc biệt là đối với cơ quan tiết niệu. Và còn được sử dụng như một thuốc giảm đau, kích thích ngon miệng, kích thích trung tiện, tẩy giun, lợi tiểu, điều hòa kinh nguyệt ở phụ nữ...
Theo y học cổ truyền một số dân tộc, diệp hạ châu được dùng để chữa một số bệnh. Tại Peru, cây thuốc này được dùng để chữa bệnh sỏi thận, sỏi mật, viêm bàng quang, viêm gan, vàng da phù, viêm da, đau nhức và chứng rối loạn tiêu hóa, đau bụng kinh. Kinh nghiệm của đất nước Brazil, quê hương của danh thủ bóng đá Pê-lê cũng dùng cây thuốc này để chữa một số bệnh như sỏi thận, giải độc gan, u xơ tuyến tiền liệt, đau dai dẳng, sốt, sốt rét, tiểu đường... Haiti cũng dùng cây thuốc này chữa bệnh đau dạ dày, rối loạn tiêu hóa, sốt và ngay cả bệnh sốt rét.
Tại ấn Ðộ, dùng để chữa các bệnh viêm gan, vàng da, hen, lao, kiết lỵ, lậu, ho, viêm phế quản... Nhân dân Java dùng để chữa bệnh lậu, đau dạ dày. Tại Malaixia, kinh nghiệm dân gian dùng chữa các bệnh viêm da, viêm đường tiết niệu, giang mai, lợi tiểu.
Cây thuốc này có tác dụng đối với các bệnh tim mạch và tiểu đường hay không? Tác dụng lợi tiểu, giảm huyết áp, giảm huyết áp tâm thu ở người không bị tiểu đường, giảm đường huyết của Phyllanthus niruri đã được kết luận trên nghiên cứu được tiến hành vào năm 1995. Ðường máu cũng được giảm một cách đáng kể trên những bệnh nhân tiểu đường khi cho uống Chanca Piedra trong 10 ngày. Người ta thấy rằng cây thuốc này còn có tác động tới cả hệ thống miễn dịch.
Một điều có thể giải thích là cùng một cây thuốc có thể mọc ở các vùng địa lý khác nhau thì tác dụng chữa bệnh của nó cũng khác nhau!


Tác giả: BS. Quách Tuấn Vinh
Nguồn: Báo sức khoẻ và đời sống số 100 - Thứ năm 21/8/2003

**** WIKI
vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chó_đẻ_răng_cưa
Cây chó đẻ răng cưa hay còn gọi là cây chó đẻ, diệp hạ châu, diệp hạ châu đắng. Tên Hán Việt khác: trân châu thảo, nhật khai dạ bế, diệp hậu châu. Cây có hạt tròn xếp thành hàng dưới lá nên gọi là diệp hạ châu (diệp: lá, hạ: dưới, châu: ngọc tròn) (danh pháp khoa học: Phyllanthus urinaria, đồng nghĩa: Diasperus urinaria (Linnaeus) Kuntze; Phyllanthus alatus Blume; P. cantoniensis Hornemann; P. cantoniensis Schweigger (1812), không Hornemann (1807); P. chamaepeuce Ridley; P. lepidocarpus Siebold & Zuccarini; P. leprocarpus Wight; P. nozeranii Rossignol & Haicour.).
Miêu tả

Cây thân thảo sống một năm (đôi khi lâu năm), mọc thẳng hay nằm bò, cao tới 80 cm; thân cây tạo nhiều nhánh ở gần gốc; các nhánh nằm sóng soài hay thẳng, có cánh, có lông cứng dọc theo một bên. Các lá xếp thành hai dãy; các lá kèm hình trứng-mũi mác, khoảng 1,5 mm, gốc lá kèm có tai dễ thấy; cuống lá kèm rất ngắn; phiến lá mỏng như giấy, thuôn dài hay thuôn dài-trứng ngược hoặc gần như thẳng, đôi khi hơi cong hình lưỡi liềm, kích thước 4-10 x 2-5 mm, phần xa trục màu lục xám hoặc nhợt nhạt, hoặc đôi khi nhuốm màu ánh đỏ, phần gần trục màu lục tươi hay sẫm, gốc lá chủ yếu tù, đôi khi không đối xứng dễ thấy, mép lá có lông rung, đỉnh lá thuôn tròn, tù hoặc có chóp nhỏ nhọn đầu; các gân lá bên 4-5 cặp, dễ thấy.
Cây đơn tính cùng gốc. Hoa đực mọc thành chùm 2-4 hoa dọc theo phần ngoại biên của các cành nhỏ, lá đài 6, hình elip tới thuôn dài-trứng ngược, kích thước 0,3-0,6 x 0,2-0,4 mm, màu trắng hơi vàng, đỉnh tù; các tuyến đĩa mật hoa 6, màu lục; nhị hoa 3; chỉ nhị hợp nhất hoàn toàn thành cột mảnh dẻ. Hoa cái dọc theo phần giữa và phần dưới của cành nhỏ, 1 hoa; cuống hoa khoảng 0,5 mm, với 1-2 lá bắc con ở gốc cuống. Cuống hoa khoảng 0,5 mm; lá đài 6, hình trứng tới hình trứng-mũi mác, gần bằng nhau, khoảng 1 mm, mép lá đài dạng màng, màu trắng hơi vàng, không rụng trên quả; đĩa mật hình tròn, nguyên; bầu nhụy hình trứng hay hình cầu, với các vảy nổi dễ thấy; vòi nhụy 3, tự do, chẻ đôi ở đỉnh, các thùy cuốn ngoài. Quả nang hình cầu, đường kính 2-2,5 mm, với các vết nổi hơi đỏ, nốt sần có vảy. Hạt hình 3 mặt, kích thước 1-1,2 x 0,9-1 mm, màu nâu đỏ hơi xám nhạt, với 12-15 lằn gợn ngang rõ nét ở lưng và các mặt, thường với 1-3 vết lõm sâu hình tròn trên mặt. Ra hoa trong khoảng tháng 4-6, kết quả tháng 7-11.

Phân bố

Sinh sống trên các cánh đồng khô, ven đường, vùng đất bỏ hoang, bìa rừng; dưới độ cao 100-600 m. Phân bố: Ấn Độ, Bhutan, Đài Loan, Indonesia, Lào, Malaysia, Myanma, Nepal, Nhật Bản, Sri Lanka, Thái Lan, Trung Quốc (các tỉnh An Huy, Phúc Kiến, Quảng Đông, Quảng Tây, Quý Châu, Hải Nam, Hà Bắc, Hà Nam, Hồ Bắc, Hồ Nam, Giang Tô, Giang Tây, Thiểm Tây, Sơn Đông, Sơn Tây, Tứ Xuyên, Tây Tạng, Vân Nam, Chiết Giang), Việt Nam và Nam Mỹ.

Phân biệt
Ngoài ra người ta còn dùng cây chó đẻ quả tròn (Phyllanthus niruri Linn), là cây thảo mọc hàng năm, nhẵn. Thân màu hồng nhạt, các cành có góc. Cụm hoa ở nách gồm 1 hoa đực và 1 hoa cái hoặc chỉ có hoa cái. Hoa đực có cuống rất ngắn, đài 5-6 hình bầu dục mũi mác, đĩa mật gồm những tuyến rất bé, nhị 3. Hoa cái cũng có cuống ngắn, đài 5-6 giống ở hoa đực nhưng rộng hơn một ít, đĩa mật hình đấu có 5 thùy sâu, các vòi nhụy rất ngắn, rời nhau chẻ đôi ở đầu, bầu hình cầu. Quả nang hình cầu. Ra hoa từ tháng 1-10. Cây mọc dại trong vườn, gặp khắp nơi ở các miền nhiệt đới.

Cách sử dụng
Những thông tin y khoa của Wikipedia Tiếng Việt chỉ mang tính chất tham khảo và không thể thay thế ý kiến chuyên môn. Trước khi sử dụng những thông tin này, đề nghị liên hệ và nhận sự tư vấn của các bác sĩ chuyên môn.
Nhổ toàn cây, rửa sạch phơi nắng gần khô, đem phơi trong râm. Cây có vị hơi đắng ngọt, tính mát. Theo kinh nghiệm dân gian, toàn bộ cây được sử dụng làm thuốc, có tác dụng giảm đau, chữa viêm gan, thông tiểu, có nơi còn sử dụng chữa bệnh viêm gan virus B, trị trẻ con cam tích, phù thủng do viêm thận, nhiễm trùng đường tiểu, sỏi bàng quang, viêm ruột, tiêu chảy, họng sưng đau.
Cây chó đẻ răng cưa còn có tác dụng bảo vệ gan cho những người uống nhiều bia rượu, làm giảm nguy cơ nhiễm độc gan. Hiện nay cây chó đẻ răng cưa đã được đưa vào sử dụng làm thuốc rất rộng rãi với các tên gọi như HAMEGA, DIHACA...

_________________________________________________________

**** plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=PHUR :

**** www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16644472
nt Immunopharmacol. 2006 Jun;6(6):870-9. Epub 2006 Jan 30.
Anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic effects of Phyllanthus urinaria in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma.
Huang ST, Yang RC, Lee PN, Yang SH, Liao SK, Chen TY, Pang JH.
Source
Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC.
Abstract
Phyllanthus urinaria, a widely used herb medicine in Asia, was tested for its anti-tumor effect in vivo for the first time. The anti-tumor activity in P. urinaria extract was evaluated by its effect on tumor developed in C57BL/6J mice with implantation of Lewis lung carcinoma cells. The oral administration of P. urinaria to mice caused significant inhibition of tumor development with lower occurrence rate and markedly reduced tumor size. Neither the total body weight of mouse nor the weights of organs including heart, lung, liver, spleen and kidney revealed any difference between two groups, suggesting limited in vivo cytotoxic effect of P. urinaria in mice. TUNEL assay demonstrated the increase of apoptosis in tumor sections prepared from P. urinaria-treated mice compared with control mice. It is worth of note that the neovascularization in tumor was inhibited in P. urinaria-treated mice, which implicated the potential anti-angiogenic effect of P. urinaria. Further study using an in vitro matrix-induced tube formation of HUVECs again confirmed the anti-angiogenic action of P. urinaria. P. urinaria exerted no inhibitory effect on the growth of HUVECs, however, the migration of HUVECs as analyzed using transwell assay was suppressed markedly by P. urinaria in a dose-dependent manner. All together, the present study indicated that P. urinaria extract is an anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic agent, which can be used safely in animals.
PMID: 16644472 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

**** www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18157836
Hepatology. 2008 Feb;47(2):473-83.
Phyllanthus urinaria ameliorates the severity of nutritional steatohepatitis both in vitro and in vivo.
Shen B, Yu J, Wang S, Chu ES, Wong VW, Zhou X, Lin G, Sung JJ, Chan HL.
Source
Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Hong Kong, China.
Abstract
Hepatic oxidative stress plays a critical role in metabolic forms of steatohepatitis. Phyllanthus urinaria, an herbal medicine, has been reported to have potential antioxidant properties. We tested the effects of P. urinaria on nutritional steatohepatitis both in vitro and in vivo. Immortalized normal hepatocytes (AML-12) or primary hepatocytes were exposed to control, the methionine-and-choline-deficient (MCD) culture medium, in the presence or absence of P. urinaria for 24 hours. Hepatocyte triglyceride, release of alanine aminotransferase, lipoperoxides, and reactive oxygen species production were determined. Age-matched C57BL/6 and db/db mice were fed control or MCD diet for 10 days with or without P. urinaria. Hepatic steatosis, necroinflammation, triglycerides, and lipid peroxide levels were determined. Hepatic expression of inflammatory factors and lipid regulatory mediators were assayed. P. urinaria reduced steatosis and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in culture of hepatocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Phyllanthus prevented MCD-induced hepatic fat accumulation and steatohepatitis in mice. This effect was associated with repressed levels of hepatic lipid peroxides, reduced expression of cytochrome P450-2E1, pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, dampened activation of inflammatory c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), increased expression of lipolytic cytochrome P450 (Cyp4a10), and suppressed transcriptional activity of lipogenic CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta). Hepatic acyl co-enzyme A oxidase that regulated hepatic beta-oxidation of fatty acid and other lipid regulators were not affected by P. urinaria. In conclusion, P. urinaria effectively alleviated the steatohepatitis induced by the MCD, probably through dampening oxidative stress, ameliorating inflammation, and decreasing lipid accumulation.
PMID: 18157836 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

**** www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15885815
Antiviral Res. 2005 Jul;67(1):24-30.
Acetone, ethanol and methanol extracts of Phyllanthus urinaria inhibit HSV-2 infection in vitro.
Yang CM, Cheng HY, Lin TC, Chiang LC, Lin CC.
Source
Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, No. 100, Shin-Chuan 1'st Road, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
Abstract
Phyllanthus urinaria Linnea (Euphorbiaceae) is one of the traditional medicinal plants that are widely applied by oriental people, especially by Chinese and Indian, to ameliorate various kinds of ailments. Many biological activities, including anti-hepatitis B virus, anti-Epstein-Barr virus and anti-retroviral reverse transcriptase, of P. urinaria have been reported, but not against herpes simplex virus (HSV). In this study, the anti-HSV-1 and HSV-2 activities of different solvents extracted from P. urinaria were investigated in vitro by plaque reduction assay. Results showed that acetone, ethanol and methanol extracts of P. urinaria inhibited HSV-2 but not HSV-1 infection. The 50% inhibitory concentration against HSV-2 infection (IC50) of acetone, ethanol and methanol extracts was 4.3 +/- 0.5, 5.0 +/ -0.4 and 4.0 +/- 0.9 mcg/ml, respectively. All three extracts showed no cytotoxic effect against Vero cells at concentrations of 10.0 mcg/ml or below. The time-of-addition study demonstrated that these three extracts were only effective when added during the HSV-2 infection which, therefore, suggested that they disturb the initial stage of HSV-2 infection. Furthermore, they can diminish virus infectivity without significantly affecting incubation time and temperature. Therefore, the acetone, ethanol and methanol extracts of P. urinaria were concluded to likely inhibit HSV-2 infection through disturbing the early stage of virus infection and through diminishing the virus infectivity.
PMID: 15885815 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


**** TROPILAB.COM :
www.tropilab.com/urinariatea.html : URINARIA TEA
www.tropilab.com/shatterst.html

Common name
Chanca piedra, shatterstone, meniran, stone breaker, quebra pedra, zhen chu cao, ye xia zhu, chamber bitter, kilanelli, leafflower, komikansou.
Family
Euphorbiaceae (Spurge family).

Overview
Chamber bitter is a small tropical annual herb growing up to 2 feet tall. Along the erect, red stem are equally set small green, oblong feathered leaves.
It has greenish white flowers. A very small wart-like fruit, greenish-red, is underneath every pair of the feathered leaves.
When the plant is picked the feathery leaves fold in, completely closing themselves.
It is a common weed in Suriname and closely related in appearance and phytochemical structure to two other weeds, also common in this country: Phyllanthus amarus and phyllanthus niruri.
The difference between Phyllanthus urinaria and Phyllanthus amarus.
Amarus and niruri: urinaria has larger leaves than the latter and the fruit of p. urinaria is wart-like.
Also the stem is red and the plant as the whole is bigger.

The plant is used for several conditions such as blennorrhagia (gonorrhea), diabetes, dysentery, flu, tumors, jaundice (the yellow color of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by excess bilirubin in the blood), vaginitis (swelling, itching, burning or infection in the vagina), against headache, fever, conjuntivitis (pinkeye or bloodshot eyes), menstrual disorders and dyspepsia (pain or an uncomfortable feeling in the upper middle part of the stomach).
Meniran has proven to be antihepatotoxic, antiviral, antibacterial and hypoglycemic; also used for the elimination of kidney- and gallstones.
It is excellent in treating liver- and kidney ailments; used extensively for detoxification.
Suriname's traditional medicine
It is used against colic, and as an effective remedy to eliminate gall - and kidney stones, urinary tract infection (UTI), bladder inflammation and for other kidney and liver problems in general such as acute - and chronic hepatitis B.

For more details on the phytochemistry and pharmacology of this cleansing herb, go to "MAROWINA FACTS® DATABASE".

Pharmacology
The primary action of stone breaker is on the liver; it acts by the inhibition of DNA polymerase on the hepatitis B virus.
The enzyme DNA polymerase is needed for the virus to reproduce.
Several studies suggest that Phyllanthus urinaria works better than the related species p. amarus, p. debilis and p. niruri in the treatment of hepatitis B.
An equally important action is the use against kidney stones (renal calculi), urinary tract- and bladder infections.
In preliminary research in animals, extracts of Phyllanthus plants have shown promising results in pain relief.
The mechanism seems to be that this is reached by decreasing inflammation.

Dosage
Two - to tree cups (1 - 2 teaspoon / cup) of tea, daily for two months.
Side effects
No side effects have been reported.
For more information go to: APPLICATION AND DOSAGE page.
Visit also our CHOLESTEROL- , DIABETES- , HYPERTENSION- , KIDNEY DETOXIFICATION- , LIVER DETOXIFICATION- and TINCTURE pages.

Hardiness
USDA zone 8 - 11. In summer: zone 6 - 11.
Propagation
Seeds.
Culture
Full sun / partial shade, sandy loam soil.

**** FLOWERS OF INDIA
www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Chamber Bitter.html

**** www.flickr.com/photos/47415530@N02/4573860490/

**** www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/weed-of-the-month/0810-phylla...

**** FLORA OF CHINA
www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=2...

. Phyllanthus urinaria Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 982. 1753.
叶下珠 ye xia zhu
Diasperus urinaria (Linnaeus) Kuntze; Phyllanthus alatus Blume; P. cantoniensis Hornemann; P. cantoniensis Schweigger (1812), not Hornemann (1807); P. chamaepeuce Ridley; P. lepidocarpus Siebold & Zuccarini; P. leprocarpus Wight; P. nozeranii Rossignol & Haicour.
Annual herbs, erect or procumbent, up to 80 cm tall; stem much branched at base; branches prostrate to ascending, winged, hispidulous along one side. Leaves distichous; stipules ovate-lanceolate, ca. 1.5 mm, base conspicuously auriculate; petiole very short; leaf blade papery, oblong or oblong-obovate or nearly linear, sometimes slightly falcate, 4-10 × 2-5 mm, abaxially gray-green or pale, or sometimes reddish tinged, adaxially bright or dark green, base mostly obtuse, sometimes conspicuously oblique, margin ciliate, apex rounded, obtuse, or acutely mucronulate; lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, conspicuous. Plants monoecious. Flower fascicles male along distal part of branchlets, 2-4-flowered, female along middle and lower part of branchlets, 1-flowered; pedicel ca. 0.5 mm, with 1-2 bracteoles at base. Male flowers: sepals 6, elliptic to oblong-obovate, 0.3-0.6 × 0.2-0.4 mm, yellowish white, apex obtuse; disk glands 6, green; stamens 3; filaments completely united into a slender column. Female flowers: pedicels ca. 0.5 mm; sepals 6, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, subequal, ca. 1 mm, margin membranous, yellowish white, persistent in fruit; disk orbicular, entire; ovary ovoid or spherical, with conspicuous raised scales; styles 3, free, bifid at apex, lobes revolute. Capsules globose, 2-2.5 mm in diam., with reddish blotches, scurfy-tuberculate. Seed 3-sided, 1-1.2 × 0.9-1 mm, light grayish brown, with 12-15 sharp transverse ridges on back and sides, often with 1-3 deep circular pits on side. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Jul-Nov.
Dry fields, roadsides, wastelands, forest margins; below 100-600 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; South America].

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France March 2010 570
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n180_w1150
marine animals
Image by BioDivLibrary
Oceanic ichthyology. v.22 atlas.
Cambridge, U.S.A. :Printed for the Museum,1896.
biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4330863


n184_w1150
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Image by BioDivLibrary
Oceanic ichthyology. v.22 atlas.
Cambridge, U.S.A. :Printed for the Museum,1896.
biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4330867

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Image by wallyg
The Prospect Park Zoo, Brooklyn's only Zoo, is home to nearly 400 animals of more than 80 species. First established as a small menagerie in Prospect Park in the late 1800's, this collection of animals became the more formal Prospect Park Zoo on Flatbush Avenue that opened to the public on July 3, 1935. A Works Progress Administration (WPA) project, the Zoo was part of a massive city-wide park improvement program initiated and executed by former Parks Commissioner Robert Moses. Closed in 1988 for a five year, million dollar renovation program, the zoo was completely replaced save for the exteriors of the 1930's-era buildings. Rededicated on October 5, 1993, it joined Wildlife Conservation Society's (WCS) world-renowned network of wildlife parks in New York City.


New Species ?
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Morro Bay SP Marina 5/5/09

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Mosca // Robber Fly (Neomochtherus group or Cerdistus species)
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Image by Valter Jacinto | Portugal
Location: Europe > Portugal > Algarve

Date Photo Taken: August 14, 2011

© Copyright. You cannot use! Only Encyclopedia of Life (EOL)

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atlanta_20110214_030
animal abuse
Image by hollyannephotog

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3/13/2009 4:55 PM - R.I.P. Boo
animal protection
Image by Barbara.Doduk
In the Feline AIDS section.
www.rapsociety.com/catsanctuary


27/2/2009 8:22 PM - Skippy
animal protection
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www.rapsociety.com/catsanctuary

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NYC - Grand Army Plaza: Circle of Animals / Zodiac Heads - Pig
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Image by wallyg
Circle of Animals / Zodiac Heads, an outdoor sculptural exhibition by Chinese sculptor Ai Weiwei (艾未未), was on exhibit at the Pulitzer Fountain at Grand Army Plaza in Central Park from May 2 to July 15, 2011. Weiwei reinterpreted the twelve bronze animal heads representing the traditional Chinese zodiac that once adorned the famed fountain-clock, designed in the 18th century by two European Jesuits serving in the court of the Qing dynasty Emperor Qianlong, that was ited in the European-style gardens of the Yuanming Yuan, an imperial retreat in Beijing. In 1860, the Yuanming Yuan was ransacked by French and British troops, and the heads were pillaged.

The exhibition earned notoriety for events beyond the art realm. Weiwei is an outspoken political activist who has been highly and critical of the Chinese Government's stance on democracy and human rights. Following an arrest at Beijing airport on April 3, he was held for over two months, through the exhibition's opening, without any official charges being filed. Allegations were made about "economic crimes", but ultimately he was released on June 22.


NYC - Grand Army Plaza: Circle of Animals / Zodiac Heads - Rooster
about animals
Image by wallyg
Circle of Animals / Zodiac Heads, an outdoor sculptural exhibition by Chinese sculptor Ai Weiwei (艾未未), was on exhibit at the Pulitzer Fountain at Grand Army Plaza in Central Park from May 2 to July 15, 2011. Weiwei reinterpreted the twelve bronze animal heads representing the traditional Chinese zodiac that once adorned the famed fountain-clock, designed in the 18th century by two European Jesuits serving in the court of the Qing dynasty Emperor Qianlong, that was ited in the European-style gardens of the Yuanming Yuan, an imperial retreat in Beijing. In 1860, the Yuanming Yuan was ransacked by French and British troops, and the heads were pillaged.

The exhibition earned notoriety for events beyond the art realm. Weiwei is an outspoken political activist who has been highly and critical of the Chinese Government's stance on democracy and human rights. Following an arrest at Beijing airport on April 3, he was held for over two months, through the exhibition's opening, without any official charges being filed. Allegations were made about "economic crimes", but ultimately he was released on June 22.


NYC - Grand Army Plaza: Circle of Animals / Zodiac Heads - Rabbit
about animals
Image by wallyg
Circle of Animals / Zodiac Heads, an outdoor sculptural exhibition by Chinese sculptor Ai Weiwei (艾未未), was on exhibit at the Pulitzer Fountain at Grand Army Plaza in Central Park from May 2 to July 15, 2011. Weiwei reinterpreted the twelve bronze animal heads representing the traditional Chinese zodiac that once adorned the famed fountain-clock, designed in the 18th century by two European Jesuits serving in the court of the Qing dynasty Emperor Qianlong, that was ited in the European-style gardens of the Yuanming Yuan, an imperial retreat in Beijing. In 1860, the Yuanming Yuan was ransacked by French and British troops, and the heads were pillaged.

The exhibition earned notoriety for events beyond the art realm. Weiwei is an outspoken political activist who has been highly and critical of the Chinese Government's stance on democracy and human rights. Following an arrest at Beijing airport on April 3, he was held for over two months, through the exhibition's opening, without any official charges being filed. Allegations were made about "economic crimes", but ultimately he was released on June 22.

0944

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0944
plush stuffed animals
Image by &y


Stacey With Lamb Hat
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Image by evilpeacock


0933
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Open House for Animals and Society Institute (Ann Arbor, Michigan)
animal cruelty
Image by cseeman
Open house for the opening of the new offices for the Animals and Society Institute in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The open house was on Friday March 25, 2011 and featured a talk by Allie Phillips, ASI consultant and author of "How Shelter Pets are Brokered for Experimentation"

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Dami
exotic animals
Image by St John's Catholic Comprehensive
Exotic animal based on the artist Niki de Saint Phalle. Photomontage created by Year 8 students.

friendly faces of evil III

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friendly faces of evil III
plush animals
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Nor in this.


friendly faces of evil I
plush animals
Image by dotpolka
Photgraphing these saved me from having to buy one from the big, evil, sweatshop-supporting corporation that is Walgreens.

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North Central Animal Shelter
animal shelters
Image by m kasahara


North Central Animal Shelter
animal shelters
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Because we care...

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Because we care...
animal cruelty
Image by Life Lenses

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Nap Time
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A child's (mine) stuffed animal lies on the floor waiting to be picked up.

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P6044738
animal welfare
Image by Taekwonweirdo



P6044865
animal welfare
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Taken at the British Wildlife Centre, Lingfield, Surrey UK

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Taken at the British Wildlife Centre, Lingfield, Surrey UK
wildlife animals
Image by Peter Burnage
Taken at the British Wildlife Centre, Lingfield, Surrey UK

Plants & Animals

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Plants & Animals
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Image by ProdigyBoy
Eight and A Half followed by Plants And Animals opening for Matthew Good. Part of NXNE free festival at Dundas Square


Plants & Animals
animal plant
Image by ProdigyBoy
Eight and A Half followed by Plants And Animals opening for Matthew Good. Part of NXNE free festival at Dundas Square


Plants & Animals
animal plant
Image by ProdigyBoy
Eight and A Half followed by Plants And Animals opening for Matthew Good. Part of NXNE free festival at Dundas Square

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365-351, Weekly Theme: After
animal control
Image by pecooper98362
A photo-a-day for a Hobbling A Day. Weekly Theme for Week of December 12: After.

After the Center School building no longer served its purpose, the town of Whately put town offices in it. They did leave in place the icon representing what the town is best known for.

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Harvest Mouse (Micromys minutus)
facts about animals
Image by Derbyshire Wildlife Photography
The harvest mouse (Micromys minutus) is the smallest rodent in Britain weighing just 6 grams which is about the same as a twenty pence coin. This mouse wasn't given a common name until the 18th century for the simple reason that it hadn’t been discovered until then. the name harvest mouse originated from the fact that it was usually only commonly seen when crops were harvested and the mice disturbed.


Harvest Mouse (Micromys minutus)
facts about animals
Image by Derbyshire Wildlife Photography
The harvest mouse (Micromys minutus) is the smallest rodent in Britain weighing just 6 grams which is about the same as a twenty pence coin. This mouse wasn't given a common name until the 18th century for the simple reason that it hadn’t been discovered until then. the name harvest mouse originated from the fact that it was usually only commonly seen when crops were harvested and the mice disturbed.

Battery Cage For Egg-Laying Hens (Takoma Park, MD)

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Battery Cage For Egg-Laying Hens (Takoma Park, MD)
animal humane society
Image by takomabibelot
95% of egg laying hens in the United States spend their entire lives in a battery cage like this one.

6-8 birds are confined to a cage this size; each bird having less room than a standard sheet of notebook paper to live her entire life. In these crowded conditions, they are unable even to spread their wings.

See also:

'No Battery Eggs' Campaign Exposes the Hard-Boiled Truth about Laying Hens (Humane Society of the United States)

Takoma Park City Council Resolution Opposing Confinement of Egg-Laying Hens in Battery Cages, October 9, 2006 [PDF]

And here's a pre-streetscape photo of the memorial to good old Roscoe

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Wolf
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Image by jsutcℓiffe
At Colorado Wild Animal Sanctuary, www.wildanimalsanctuary.org/


Wolf
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Image by jsutcℓiffe
At Colorado Wild Animal Sanctuary, www.wildanimalsanctuary.org/

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Abby the Albino Hedgehog, side view
stuffed toy animals
Image by Katy Kristin
Abby the Albino Hedgehog is made from cotton chenille, wool felt, vintage buttons, and corn fiber stuffing.
She's about 6 inches long, from nose to bum.


Tourists & stuffed animals
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Image by Somegal


Tourists & stuffed animals
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kiyomi shiba & taro shiba, playing
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Image by _tar0_
kiyomi's quite good at trapping taro and pinning him under the couch.

find more of taro the shiba & his sister, kiyomi, on taro's blog: tar0shiba.tumblr.com/

or find taro on twitter: twitter.com/_tar0_


taro shiba's butt swing/hip check
animal movie
Image by _tar0_
previously released on youtube, but uploading it to flickr for all to enjoy.

find more of taro the shiba & his sister, kiyomi, on taro's blog: tar0shiba.tumblr.com/

or find taro on twitter: twitter.com/_tar0_

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I see you
animals that are extinct
Image by the past tends to disappear
Zebras are several species of African equids (horse family) united by their distinctive black and white stripes. Their stripes come in different patterns unique to each individual. They are generally social animals that live in small harems to large herds. Unlike their closest relatives, horses and asses, zebras have never been truly domesticated.

There are three species of zebras: the plains zebra, the Grévy's zebra and the mountain zebra. The plains zebra and the mountain zebra belong to the subgenus Hippotigris, but Grevy's zebra is the sole species of subgenus Dolichohippus. The latter resembles an ass, to which it is closely related, while the former two are more horse-like. All three belong to the genus Equus, along with other living equids.

The unique stripes of zebras make these among the animals most familiar to people. They occur in a variety of habitats, such as grasslands, savannas, woodlands, thorny scrublands, mountains, and coastal hills. However, various anthropogenic factors have had a severe impact on zebra populations, in particular hunting for skins and habitat destruction. Grevy's zebra and the mountain zebra are endangered. While plains zebras are much more plentiful, one subspecies, the quagga, went extinct in the late 19th century, though they have now been rebred from zebra DNA.

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Juniper playing Video 101
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Image by Rocky Mountain Feline Rescue
Juniper was found on a park trail by a young man who was fishing at the time.

She is the Wild Child of the shelter.

Juniper is an independent cat who is happiest on her own-stalking mice and exploring. A gorgeous cat she would be a fine addition to a house that wanted a cat who can keep themselves entertained.

Juniper has been with us since 7/24/2008.

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Sunday Brunch
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Image by pam's pics-
He's packing on the pounds for winter, that's for sure


Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo abelii)
animal pound
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Bogor, Java, Indonesia 2010. Balifornian Tours
www.Balifornian.com

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Animal Farm: Seastar
animal images
Image by Yndra
Creative Commons- Free Pictures

These images are FREE to use in your personal or commercial work, but you may NOT reshare, distribute, or claim/imply it to be your own. Credits where credits are due.

I would love to see what you're doing with it. So you are welcome to post a small version or link to your creations in the comments .

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110603acp334mb156.jpg
animal research
Image by ukagriculture
Dean Emeritus Charles Oran Little spoke at the Naming of the C. Oran Little Research Center on Friday afternoon at the Woodford County Farm outside Versailles, Ky.


110603acp334mb039.jpg
animal research
Image by ukagriculture
Dozens of friends and alumni gathered for the Naming of the C. Oran Little Research Center on Friday afternoon at the Woodford County Farm outside Versailles, Ky.

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